Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disease characterized by the inability to absorb glucose from foods and necessary for cell nutrition, breathing and metabolism. In this case, production or interaction with the pancreas hormone - insulin is impaired. The quantitative presence of glucose in the bloodstream is required. With the inadequate operation of a pair of glucose -hyperglycemia is a persistent increase in glucose. Metabolism suffers, the work of kidneys, heart, blood vessels and central nerve systems is disturbed.
Types of diabetes
Two main varieties of diabetes are distinguished, which, although they belong to a group of endocrine diseases, still have differences.
First type of diabetes (dependent on insulin, juvenile, inzsd i type)
It is characterized by the fact that, for any reason, the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells (over 80%), producing insulin. There is no hormone, but glucose is constantly delivered to the body with food. Blood sugar comes out of the scale. Diabetes of the first type is most often detected in childhood or adolescence. But for adults it is not uncommon.
Second diabetes type (dependent on insulin, II II)
Type II diabetes is most often diagnosed in people after 30 to 40 years. But the disease is getting younger. In 90 % of cases in patients, overweight is observed. The body can still produce insulin, but insulin cell sensitivity is reduced (this is called insulin resistance). A vicious circle arises. The cells do not feel insulin, the body produces even more insulin to feed; cage. Glucose simply accumulates in the blood, and insulin increases appetite. A person eats, jumps sugar, insulin resistance intensifies.
Presiabet
Here, the glucose level goes beyond reference values, but you can't even talk about diabetes. Prediabet can become the basis for the development of type II diabetes as well as cardiovascular diseases.
Gestational diabetes is characteristic during pregnancy. More often found in trimester II or III.
In addition, the course of the disease differs in gravity: light (I), medium (II) and heavy (III).
Diabetes. Symptoms
If you do not have a habit of donating blood to glucose once a year and do not know the clinic's endocrinologist personally, there are several symptoms that can tell you that it is time to contact a specialist. But we will reserve immediately, the signs of diabetes manifest if insulin deficiency is already moving to a critical point. Therefore, at the moment, the most effective way to discover your sugar level is to donate blood.
First type diabetes
Diabetes symptoms of the first type:
- constant and insatiable thirst;
- dry mouth;
- frequent urination;
- apathy and fatigue;
- Insatiable hunger;
- weight loss (an average of 3-5 kg), not related to any action of a person;
- Problems with vision (inaccuracy of the image, as if everything was in the fog).
Second type diabetes
The symptoms of second type diabetes are similar to type I diabetes in some parameters: it is thirsty, hunger, dry mouth, fatigue, vision problems and frequent desire to the bathroom. But this type has its own signs:
- numbness and tingling in the arms and legs;
- Slow healing of wounds and recurrent infections.
The Causes of Diabetes
Unfortunately, scientists cannot name the exact causes of diabetes development in humans (especially the first type). Mal ecology, an abundance of viral infections and inadequate operation of the immune system are taken as the basis. Among the causes of the development of diabetes mellitus are usually distinguished:
- Hereditary predisposition. In addition, the risk reaches 10%if the father is sick with diabetes of the first type and 2, 5%if the mother. If both parents are diagnosed with type II diabetes, the child has the risk of this disease after 40 years increases to 65-70%;
- unbalanced diet with an abundance of carbohydrates;
- Overweight (90% of people with Type II InzSD have);
- lack of physical activity;
- stress on a continuous base;
- pre -Diabet;
- Prolonged use of certain medications (diuretic, hormonal, salicylates, cytostatic, etc. );
- ethnicity (in children of the European race, the risk of developing diabetes of the 1st higher type);
- History of gestational diabetes;
- Chronic adrenal cortex insufficiency.
Complications
This disease is insidious and, if you do not observe the doctor's instructions, diabetes complications may appear (chronic and acute), which impairs the work of the whole body. Chronic complications are observed when a high level of sugar lasts a long time.
The following chronic complications can be distinguished:
- The fragility of blood vessels in the retina (retinopathy) leads to a decrease in visual acuity, early development of cataracts or causes blindness.
- With diabetes, periodontitis usually occurs, leading to tooth loss or heart problems. In addition, a variety of infectious oral cavity diseases is possible. It is necessary to observe hygiene well and visit the dentist regularly.
- Cardiovascular disease are the most common causes of disability and mortality among diabetics. Angina Pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke and others. Lack of observation of cholesterol and glucose levels, increased blood pressure contributes to the development of these complications.
- Nephropathy, or the destruction of blood vessels in the kidney, leads to the failure of functioning or refusal of the kidneys. Hell control is necessary.
- Neuropathy (nerve damage). Most of the time, the risk of neuropathy is exposed to the legs. The walls of the vessels and nerve fibers are destroyed, the blood flow to the worse legs. The signs of the development of neuropathy are tingling, pain, spare ranges or loss of sensitivity. Patients, especially the elderly, usually do not attribute the meaning to this, which is full of the development of ulcers, infectious diseases and amputation. Neuropathy can affect other body systems (erectile dysfunction, problems with the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system).
- Diabetes is one of the causes of atherosclerosis, as the vessels become brittle, fragile and increase the risk of a thrombus.
- Generally, there is joint pain, since diabetes leads to a decrease in the amount of synovial fluid.
- In addition, there is a high frequency of mental disorder development.
Acute complications, developing rapidly, are usually interconnected with blood glucose fluctuations. Low (hypoglycemia) and high (hyperglycemia) lead to crises. The crisis of hypoglycemia (3, 9 mmol/l or lower) manifests itself as a seizure, and hyperglycemic crises are dangerous for diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosolar state. These are emergency and threatening conditions, leading to seizures, coma and fatal outcome.
Diagnosis of diabetes
The diagnosis of diabetes is an important step. In an ideal situation, a person should be aware of his glucose level, especially after 45 years. But if you are at risk, the analysis should be performed more often and you will need to do so before, so as not to waste the precious time.
Diabetes is diagnosed in many ways:
- Analysis for glycated hemoglobin. The results of the analysis demonstrate the average level of blood glucose in the last 2-3 months. Then you can track the dynamics;
- Glucose analysis in blood plasma (hair or venous) in empty stomach. The audit demonstrates the position of glucose at the moment;
- The gluczotolerant test is prescribed in doubtful cases. The test lasts a long time and includes a measuring glucose levels before and after taking a glass of water with dissolved glucose in it;
- Urine analysis for the presence of glucose and/or acetone. A healthy person is not characterized by the presence of these elements in the urine.
Treatment
When treating type I diabetes mellitus, the main treatment for insulin is the main treatment for insulin, which should be administered every day at a prescribed dose and calculated by the assistant doctor. You can use special insulin syringes, syringes or insulin pumps, calculating independently the necessary dose of archived hormone. Under certain conditions, it is possible to prescribe diabetes drugs that stimulate the body to develop their own insulin.
In diabetes of the first species, the insulin of chip every day, since the passes are full of the development of diabetic cetoacidosis, leading to death. Daily insulin + proper nutrition + physical activity can provide life without complications.
With type II diabetes, a doctor prescribes drug treatment designed to reduce sugar levels and normalize a person's condition. Sometimes it may be necessary for insulin replacement therapy, but it does not need to be received daily. Diabetes diet is observed without fail, as well as an increase in physical activity, body weight control.
In the presence of pre-diabetes, the exam should be performed once every six months or one year. It is also necessary to get rid of overweight and change to food nutrition.
With gestational diabetes, it is necessary to carefully monitor the blood glucose level and follow the observer's recommendations. Most of the time, after delivery, blood sugar returns to normal. But there is a risk of developing second type diabetes.
Prediction and prevention
Diabetes mellitus is a severe endocrine disease that reduces life by 5 to 10 years, and men die more often than women. Infectious and viral diseases are more severely tolerated. Complications against antecedents of pneumonia, influenza occurs 6 times more often when compared to statistics of diabetes people in a story. In healthy people, compared to diabetics, Alzheimer's and other forms of dementia develop less often.
But with diabetes you can and should be locked. Competent management helps them avoid many problems and complications. Therefore, 50-60% of cases of the disease are stabilized and did not progress.
Proper control and prevention of diabetes is:
- Regular glucose verification;
- Special Diabetes Diet;
- play sports in moderate mode;
- observation of blood pressure and cholesterol;
- regular visit to necessary and research specialists;
- Take medications prescribed by a doctor.
Diabetes is not fully studied, but medicines and a conscious attitude toward your life with this disease will help to live for a long time and without complications.